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HISTORY SIMPLIFIED 



AN INTERNATIONAI, PRIMER 



BY ALBERT J. EDMUNDS 

AUTHOR OF 

BUDDHIST AND CHRISTIAN GOSPELS 



Tentative Edition 

300 Copies Printed 



PHILADELPHIA: 
Innes & Sons, 119-135 North Twelfth Street 

1914 



,EL3 



Copyright, 1914, 

BY 

Albert J. Edmunds 



^ 



tE'CI,A.'Ks(iO.JO 



PREFACE 



j2^0ME years ago it occurred to the writer, during a walk 
M^J beside the Wissahickon, that there ought to be a world- 
^ history agreed upon by all nations. It should deal 

chiefly with the growth of religion, science, art and literature, 
giving credit to each nation for what it has done. Wars must 
be limited to a few great movements of peoples. Proper credit 
should be given to the neglected nations, the Chinese and the 
Hindus, who were developing the arts of peace when we were 
savages and pirates. 

Such an outline should be taught in the schools of the world 
and each nation could add its own internal affairs. 

The writer broacht the idea to Charlemagne Tower, who 
assisted him in bringing it to the attention of the Hague Con- 
ference, biit nothing more was heard of it. 

In the present year the writer had occasion to teach history 
to two cliildreu, and he began by writing each century on a 
separate sheet, calling the whole Our Century Book. At first 
only a few striking events were written, leaving several cen- 
turies blank. At the end the birth-dates of the two children 
were inserted, thus connecting history with their own lives. In 
one lesson they absorbed the knowledge, and saw history in 
perspective as they could not do from pages too much crammed. 

More events were then added on the backs of the sheets, 
leaving the most important in front. It then occurred to us to 
reverse the order of the centuries, and begin with our own. We 
had the sheets on steel rings, and this was easily done. 

The student is advised to copy the events on separate sheets 
and re-arrauge them in the usual order. Indeed it would be a 
good exercise to write the facts on cards and play with them. 
By asking and answering questions a profitable game could be 
devised and the study of history made a pastime. It would also 



iv Preface. 

be well to write first only those events on the front pages which 
are printed in heavy type. By thns leaving some centuries blank 
the child is given a sense of relief and inspired with the confi- 
dence of mastery. 

Different minds will attach importance to different events, 
but there is little doubt that the rise of the three great mission- 
ary religions furnishes the best series of landmarks. Let the 
beginner leave blank the centuries between Christ and Muham- 
mad, and so realize the greatness of these two mountain peaks. 

But the events are of less moment than the perspective of 
time. Even, the most awful crises are sooner or later dwarft 
and events onCe great are eclipst by greater. What the begin- 
ner most .needs is a vivid idea of the vistas of time instead of the 
jumbled notions which are common. 

The centuries before Christ are purposely written with the 
Latin word scrailum for century, so as to distinguish them at a 
glance from the Christian ones. Dates not accurately fixt or not 
necessary to be meuiorized are placed in their position in the 
century. 

The test of importance is universality. We must never for- 
get that our culture has been hitherto provincial, with the Medi- 
terranean for its central sea and Greece, Rome and Judea for its 
three classic nations. We do not realize, for example, that at 
the time of Christ the four great powers of the earth were the 
Romans,, the Parthians, the Hindus and the Chinese. The 
Roman Empire is allowed to dwarf all else, which is absurd, 
when the Chinese became a world-power from the Sea of Japan 
to the Lake Aral. (We may say the Caspian, as the two were 
probably united). No more the Midland Sea of the Romans is 
to be our center, but the Pacific Ocean, and our culture, from 
being provincial, must become planetary. 

Names of places are given thruout, that the student may 
consecrate in his memory for life the sacred spots of the world. 
The heroic fields of the future will no longer be where Christian 
slew Christian after praying to the same God, but where Christ 
said : Peace I leave with you ; where Buddha pluckt the 



Pre/ace. y 

forest leaves and proclaimed the infinity of truth ; where Dante 
met Beatrice and Socrates drank the hemlock. 

Moreover the science of recent decades has changed our 
attitude toward the mystic and the seer. The beautiful painting 
by Violet Oakley, at the Capitol of Penn.sylvania, of George 
Fox on the mount of vision, most aptly symbolizes this chang^'e. 
The seer will no longer be our butt, but our pillar of fire, and 
we shall treat as sacred the spots where John and Swedenborg 
beheld the Heavenly City. 

It is due to the reader to know that the writer is a member 
of no Church, and that the names of religious leaders are given 
from a purely historical standpoint. 

Nearly a century and a half has elapst since the appearance 
of the first volume of Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman 
Empire (London, 177G), and it is not creditable to the Western 
mind that the broad research therein set forth should have 
tiught us so little. It was Edward Gibbon who, following the 
French, first gave to English learning a planetarv ouUook. 
With all his vast classical attainments, he is not led astrav by 
"the vanity or ignorance of the Greeks" (Chapter XXVI, note 
21); and he talks, in the same chapter, as will the scholars of 
the future, about "the learned and civilized nations of the South • 
the Greeks, the Persians and the Cliinese." He knew the name 
of China's great historian, Sse-ma-tsien— a name still strange to 
college professors and other leaders of learning. 

In order at once to furnish an authority and to direct the 
student to Gibbon, I have purposely mentioned him several 
time.s. Our knowledge of India was in his dav behind our 
knowledge of China, or tlie planetary historian would surely 
have given India her due. Had he only known of the extent 
and power of Buddhism and other Hindu learning at the time 
of Christ, tlie whole subsequent historv of New Testament criti- 
cism would have been changed. But in spite of this defect and 
some mistakes about Zoroastrian doctrine and other matters then 
unknown, he remains what he always has been— the greatest 
historian in the English tongue. 



vi Preface. 

Besides the usual books of reference, the writer must refer 
to his publisht works for the less known authorities, and also to 
the articles, from 1910 onward, by Richard Garbe, Sylvain L^vi 
and other scholars, in the Deutsche Rundschau of Berlin, The 
Mollis/ of Chicago, the Journal Asiatique of Paris and the Jour- 
nal of the Royal Asiatic Society of London. The works of 
Francis Cumont, Romesh Datt (Dutt), Leon Wieger, ihe late 
Arthur Lloyd, and Professor Anesaki, of Tokyo and Harvard, 
furnish many neglected facts. 

Tho the result of a lifetime of study, the essay is purely 
tentative, and the author hopes that better qualified scholars, 
especially along the lines of social and industrial development, 
will enlarge the study. The present edition is put forth with 
the hope of securing such co-operation. 

I am told by a rising young scholar that 1 ought to work 
on this for some years yet. Doubtless I ought, but life already 
lies more behind me than before, and it ma\- be now or never. 
We students owe it to mankind to bring our knowledge from 
the cloister into the street. The mind that has once been 
trained by historical research can never be swept off by the pas- 
sions of a day ; and unless the facts accumulated under academic 
towers be made current coin and transformed from knowledge 
into wisdom, hoanse Demos will once more forge for himself 
.some tyrannous legend — divinely beautiful it may be — which will 
chain the human mind for another nineteen hundred years. Mark 
Twain died in 1010, believing that the legend was already forged. 

V>\\\.^ pace Mark Twain, this momentous afTair is not m the 
hands of the United States or of any one nation. As Myers and 
Gardner have pointed out, there are forces now at work evolving 
a world-religion before our eyes. And the process is going on, 
not merely beside Delaware and Thames, but beside the Volga, 
the Ganges and the Yang-tse-kiang. In the view of the present 
writer, the two main forces thus at work are Evolution and Psy- 
chical Research. The opposite truths represented by these two 
oreat ideas have developt independently among Christian nations 
during the past half-century. But historically they depend upon 



Pre/ace. vii 

the two leading religions of the world : Evolution has its basis 
in Buddhism, Psychical Research in Christianity. The one 
represents an impersonal theory of the universe ascending from 
below ; the other brings to light a personal life beyond, descend- 
ing from above. In the conflux of these two ideas will surely 
be born the coming religion of mankind. 

Some academic friends would fain warn me away from the 
dangeroos ground of spiritistic phenomena. But no such warn- 
ing is necessary in our State. We Pennsylvanians have in our 
midst a great University, which once was pledged to the per- 
petual investigation of these phenomena. From the fifth to the 
ninth decade of the last centiiry they were deservedly in disrepute 
with science, but since that time the immortal Myers and the 
Universities of Cambridge and Harvard have forever lifted them 
into academic recognition. As a generation is now in the field 
which knows not of the said Pennsylvanian pledge, I will quote it: 

"To the University of Pennsylvania sixty thou.sand dollars 
to establish a chair of Moral Philosophy, for the investigation 
and teaching of religious, moral and intellectual truth, to be 
known as the Adata Seybert chair, or Adam Seybert Professor- 
ship, provided, however, that the principles and phenomena of 
what is known as Spiritualism shall be fully investigated by the 
professor who occupies this Professorship." (Will of Henry 
Seybert, Philadelphia, December 25, 1S82, p. S). 

It is true that some thirty years ago, a Seybert Commission 
reported adversely upon the pretensions of professional fortune- 
tellers, and the University of Pennsylvania has since adopted a 
hostile attitude toward Psychical Research. This is unfortu- 
nate, because it was after the Seybert Report that Myers and 
Hodgson collected, from non-professional sources, the facts upon 
which our present knowledge of these obscure phenomena is 
based. Let us hope that the Hodgson Memorial research at 
Harvard will enable Massachusetts to make amends for the 
■backwardness of other States. The mingled role of hindering 
and helping which universities have played in the progress of 
truth is indicated by several little facts below. 



viii Preface. 

I issue this essay in counnenioration of Anesaki's reception 
by members of the Oriental Club of Philadelphia and other 
friends of the author's, in the Graduate House of the University 
of Pennsylvania, on Sunday, March 15, 1914. It is my hope 
that we may be able to strengthen his hands in the propaganda 
of world-peace and international understanding represented by 
the Association Concordia of himself and his colleagues in Japan. 

My hope is that this little sheaf of mine may be lost in a 
more abundant harvest to be reapt by other hands. 

A. J. E. 

Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 
April, 19T4. 



MODERN TIMES 



TWENTIETH CENTURY 

190 .— *Birth of 

I the heir of all the ages, in the foremost files o{ time— Tennyson. 



•Write your own name on this line, and fill in your birth-date. 

3 



Twentieth Century. 
1901. Deaths of Myers and Victoria. 



1907 and 1908.— Aiirel Stein and Paul Pelliot discover Budd- 
hist Scriptures on the frontier of China, in ancient 
vernaculars of the Parthian Empire (fulfilling Sweden- 
borg's vision of 1766 and connecting the Buddhist 
and Christian religions). 



1910. — Mark Twain fulfils his own prediction by " going out " 
with Halley's Comet. 



NINETEENTH CENTURY 



1808 — Napoleon at Madrid aboliihet the Spanish Inqui* 
sition. 

1814. — George Stephenson combines the locomotive with 
the railway at Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 

1S38. — Phineas Quimby, of Maine, heals by mesmerism, but 
during the next decade develops a system of mental 
healing by self-analysis. 

1842. — Ashley Cooper (.later Earl of Shaftesbury) compels 
the British Parliament to abolish underground 
labor for women and young children. 

1851. — Prince Albert declares, at the first World's Fair in Lon- 
don, that we are hastening toward the final unity of 
mankind. 



1.SG8. — Japan strikes into the current of modern life {The Meij'i). 
1871. — Darwin's Descent of Man publisht in London. 

1879. — Max Miiller publishes at Oxford the first volume 
of the Sacred Books of the East. 

1900. — Leonard Wood orders Wilson Gill to organize the schools 
of Cuba into self-governing republics. 

During the century the writings of Europeans are trans- 
lated into the languages of India, Armenia and Japan, 
thus paving the way for a planetary, instead of a pro- 
vincial, culture. The steamship, the railroad and the 
telegraph complete the planetary intercourse begun by 
Alexander. 



Nitrcteftith Century 

1803. — Hoag, the Quaker, has a daylight vision, in the fields of 
New York State, of the American Civil War 



1807. — Fulton makes Fitch's steamboat a financial success at 
New York. 



1826. — July 4, Deaths of Adams and Jefferson. 
1835.— Halley's Comet • birth of Mark Twain. 



1843.— Elizabeth Barrett's Cry of the Children and Thomas 
Hood's Soiti^ of the Shirt. 

1851-1852. — Harriet Beecher Stowe publishes Uncle Tom's 
Cabin at Washington and Boston. (Translated later 
into twenty languages.) 

1859. — Darwin's Origin of Species (London) revolutionizes bi- 
ology by the doctrine of Evolution, and also geology 
by showing us how to take account of the unknown. 

18G0. — Huxley defends Evolution against the Bishop of Oxford. 

1861-18G5. — The American Civil War abolishes negro slavery 
and consolidates the Federal power. 

1865. — Good Friday, death of Abraham Lincoln. 

1873. — Birth of Anesaki, international scholar and champion of 
world-peace. 

1877. — Frederick Farrar, in Westminster Abbey,' destroys the 
doctrine of endless hell. 

1882. — Society for Psychical Research, at the University of 
Cambridge, whose work, epitomized by Myers, estab- 
lishes the life after death on a scientific basis. 

1888. — Paul Passy's International Alphabet. 

11)00. — Deaths of Ruskin and Max Miiller. Christians at Pekin 
burn the last copy of the great Chinese cyclopedia of 
the fifteenth century. 



EIGHTEENTH CENTURY 

1731.— The Library Company of Philadelphia (Franklin) the 
first to lend books out : rapid spread of knowledge in 
Pennsylvania. 



Voltaire popularizes in Europe the ideas of Eng- 
lish thinkers and paves the way for the French 
Revolution. (Encyclopedia). 



1"^2.— Great Britain follows other nations in reforming the 
calendar ("New Style"). Franklin flies his kite at 
Philadelphia. .-':;■,-.' 

{Snatcht he a thunderbolt front the sky and sceptre 
from tyrants.) 



1757.— British Empire in India begins a new world-order 
by connecting Europe and Asia. 

1776.— Declaration of Independence at Philadelphia. 

First volume of Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman 
Empire at London. 



1789. — The French Revolution : storming of the Bastille. 

1790.— Philadelphia the capital of the United States : George 
Washington rents a house at li»0 High Street (now r)26, 
528 and 530 Market Street). John Fitch's steamboat 
carries passengers and freight all summer on the Dela- 
ware. 



Write in suitable places anything about your own town which connecU it 
with world-history. 



Eighteenth Century 

\/1741. — Handel's Messiah performed at Dublin. When repeated 
in London in 1743, the King of England stands during 
the Hallelujah chorus. 
1749. — Enianuel Swedenborg (University of Upsal) declares in 
London that the first eleven chapters of Genesis are 
mythical (" composed historicals "). Posthumous pub- 
lication at Gottingen of The Origin of the Earth, by 
Leibnitz (Universities of Leipzig, Jena and Niirem- 
berg) enlarges the ideas of Descartes and founds the 
science of Geology. 
1757. — Swedenborg's vision announcing a new Church. 

1759. Halley's Comet. North America lost to the French. 

1763._Zoroastrian ideas revived in Swedenborg's Divine Love 

and Wisdom. 
1766. — His vision of a lost sacred literature to be found in Cen- 
tral Asia. Kant substantiates the facts about Sweden- 
borg. 

1771. First translation of the Zoroastrian Scriptures in Europe 

at Paris. Swedenborg's Trtte Christian Religion at 
Amsterdam. The University of Salamanca refuses to 
recognize Newton and modern science. 
1781.— Immanuel Kant, of Konigsberg, publishes his Critique 
of Pure Reason at Riga. 

1783. The Americans win their independence with the help of 

France, Spain, Holland and India. The American 
Revolution was a world-war : " not only did the Dela- 
ware and the Thames resound with the din of arms, but 
the Essequibo, the Guadalquivir, the Rhine, the Seine 
and the Q,qx^%^%:'— {Pennsylvania Magazine, 1913.) 

1795. Napoleon ends the French Revolution, but consolidates 

its ideas. The American and French Revolutions 
establish Religious Toleration in Christendom and 
abolish judicial torture. 



SEVENTEENTH CENTURY 



1607. — Halley's Comet. Colony of Virginia founded by the 
English : political beginning of the United States. 



1609. — Galileo (professor at Pisa and Padua) uses the telescope 
and the microscope. Kepler (University of Tiibingen) 
publishes his New Astronomy at Prague. 



1636. — Harvard University, the oldest in the United States 
(older than many European ones: Gottingen, 1737 • 
Berlin, 1809, etc.). 



1649. — The English execute their King for misgovern- 
ment: Oliver Cromwell president of the Republic. 



1665. — Isaac Newton (University of Cambridge) seeing an apple 
fall at Woolsthorpe in Lincolnshire, discovers the law 
of gravitation. 



1G7S. — John Runyan publishes the First Part of Pilgrim'' s Prog- 
ress, written in prison at Bedford. (Translated since 
into a hundred languages.) 

1682.— Halley's Comet. William Penn founds Philadelphia. 

(The only treaty never sworn to, and the only treaty 

never broken). 
1683. — Vienna, besieged by the Turks, is delivered by John 

Sobieski, King of Poland. 



During this century the Dutch anil the English revive the ancient Hindu 
idea of Religious Toleration, but it did not become general among Christians 
until the nineteenth century. 



Seventeenth Century 

1603.^Death of Elizabeth unites England and Scotland. 

Shakespeare's Hamlet^ at London. (Its oldest known 
motive is found in a tale taken from India to China in 
the third centurj- : a man carrying unconsciously his 
own death-warrant.) 

161G. — ^Deaths of Shakespeare and Cervantes. 

1620. — Colony of Massachusetts. 

1635. — Thinkers found the French Academy at Paris under 
Cardinal Richelieu (after they have been meeting pri- 
vately against the law). 

1640. — University of Helsingfors, the oldest in Finland. (First 
located at Abo.) 

1643. — George Fox leaves home to found the Society of Friends : 
unites in his personality the rain-maker, the spirit-.seer 
and the psychic healer. (His Journal not publisht as 
he wrote it until 1911, at the University of Cambridge, 
where in 1655 the students had mobbed him.) 



1697. — Peter the Great of Russia works as a shipwright at 
Zaandam. 



1700. — Leibnitz founds the Royal Academy of Berlin. 

10 



SIXTEENTH CENTURY 



Renaissance (=New Birth) afchi lecture brou^lit from 
Italy to France. (St; Peter^s Cathedral, Rome.) 

[Find a building in your own city in this style : e. g. the City Hall, 
Philadelphia.] 

• ' '1 ■ ' ... * 

1517.— Martin Luther starts the Protestant Reformation. 



1643.— Copernicus the Pole (University of Cracow) publishes at 
Niiremberg his book on the revolution of the planets 
round the sun : end of the Ptolemaic astronomy. :, 



1."/ I 



1565.— St. Augustine, the oldest city in the United States, 
founded by the Spaniards. 



ii'-i 
11 



Sixteenth Century 

Michael Angelo paints the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel 
at Rome, and (later) designs the dome of St. Peter's. 



Francis Xavier, the Spanish Jesuit, is licenst by a Japa- 
nese lord to preach the doctrines of Buddha, under the 
belief that Christianity was a sect of the mystical 
school of Buddhism. Xavier much imprest by a ser- 
mon in a Buddhist temple. 

1526. — William Tyndale's English New Testament is publicly 
burnt by the University of Oxford. 



Italian scholars puzzled by fossils : only a few consider 
them to be animal remains. 



1551-1571. — University of Lima, the first in the New World. 



1575. — University of Leiden, the first in Holland. 



1591. — University of Dublin, the oldest in Ireland. 

12 



THE MIDDLE AGES 



c;^c^/-». 



FIFTEENTH CENTURY 

1429.— The King of France crowned in Rheinis Cathedral, 
while Joan of Arc stands by. He had regained his 
throne as the result of the capture of Orleans from the 
English by this country girl, who saw visions and 
heard voices commanding her to lead the armies of 
France.' 

1431.— This Maid of Orleans, to-day the heroine of France, is 
condemned by a Catholic court and burnt at Ro^by 
the English. The Pope afterwards annulled the sen- 
tence. 

1453.— The Turks capture Constantinople and end the 

OrsBco-Roman Empire. 
1455.— The Old and New Testaments printed in Latin at 

Mainz by Gutenberg. 



1492.— Christopher Columbus, of Genoa, while trying to find 
a new way to India for the King of Spain, discovers 
America. . The Jews, expelled from Spain by the 
Inquisition, are tolerated in Turkey and Italy. 

1498.— Vasco da Gama of Portugal re-opens the ancient Phoeni- 
cian route to India round the Cape of Good Hope. 



15 



Fifteenth Century 

1409. University of Leipzig. 

1411. University of St. Andrews, the oldest in Scotland. 



1426. University of Louvain, the oldest in Flanders. 



1456. Halley's Comet terrifies Constantinople. 
1460. University of Bale, the oldest in Switzerland. 



1472. University of Munich. 

1477. Universities of Tiibingen and Upsal (the latter the oldest 
in Sweden and located at the ancient sacred city of 
the Goths). 

1479. University of Copenhagen, the oldest in Denmark. 



16 



FOURTEENTH CENTURY 



Dante's Divine Comedy, the national poem of Italy and 
epitome of Catholic belief. 



Giotto's bell-tower {campanile) at Florence Cathedral. 



1386. — University of Heidelberg, the oldest in Germany. 
(Begun thirty years before, but now founded by the 
Pope.) 



17 



Foiirleenth Century 



1343.— University of Pisa. 
1348. — University of Prague. 



1364. — Universities of Cracow and Vienna. 



1378. — Chinese observation of Halley's Comet. 



1400. — Death of Chaucer, whose Pardoner's Tale is a Buddhist 
Birth-Story. 

18 



THIRTEENTH CENTURY 

Leonard of Pisa uses the Hindu numerals and 
Arabic algebra (borrowed from (Irceksand Hindus). 
The Hindu numerals (as tliey are still correctly called 
in Egypt) gradually superseded the Roman, except for 
clocks, the chapters of books, etc. 



1215.— King John compelled to sign the Great Charter of 
English freedom at Runnymede, an island in the 
Thames. 

1 •220.— Cathedrals of Amiens and Salisbury begun. (Church of 
the Advocate, Philadelphia, in the same style.) 
Francis of Assisi calls all creatures brothers or sisters, 
including sun, moon and elements, and preaches a ser- 
mon to birds. 
Nichiren preaches in the streets of Kamakura and makes 
the Gospel Lotus the apocalypse of Buddhism in Japan. 



1274. — May-day. Dante at Florence, aged nine, meets Beatrice, 
aged eight, and becomes inspired for his work as the 
poet of Italy. 



39 



Thirteenth Century 
1207. — University of Paris. 

1222.— University of Padua. 

1224. — Francis of Assisi, two years before his death, after a 
vision on Mount Alverno, discovers the stigmata, i. e. 
marks on his own body corresponding to the wounds of 
Christ. This fact, once doubted, has now been estab- 
lisht by historical criticism and psychical research. 

Buddha (under the title of Josaphat) appears, in The 
Golden Legend, as a saint of the Roman Church. 
(Prior recognition by the Eastern Church.) 

1243. — University of Salamanca, the oldest in Spain. 



Kublai Khan, the successor of Jenghiz, reprints the Budd- 
hist scriptures and receives Marco Polo, who has trav- 
eled from Venice to Pekin. 



20 



TWELFTH CENTURY 



The century of universities : Bologna, Oxford and Cam- 
bridge. 



Gothic Architecture in France. ("I believe that the 
French nation, in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, 
was the greatest in the world ; and that the French not 
only invented Gothic architecture, but carried it to 
a perfection which no other nation has approacht, 
then or since." — Ruskin.) 



Honen, in Japan, forbidden by his murdered father to 
aveiijje his death, becomes a Buddliist saint and preaches 
to birds and serpents. 



21 



Tzvelflh Century 



99 



ELEVENTH CENTURY 



Omar of Naishapur, the astronomer-poet of Persia, whose 
Quatrains were translated into English in the nine- 
teenth century. 



23 



Eleventh Century 



106G. — The Normans (Scandinavian pirates, now civilized by 
the French) conquer .England, where they introduce 
their Romanesque architecture (heavy pillars and round 
arches). 



First Crusade, beginning of long wars by Christians 
against Muhammadans to reconquer Jerusalem. 



24 



TENTH CENTURY 



972. — The Buddhist Scriptures and commentaries printed 
by the Government of China from 130,000 blocks. 
(Edition extant.) 



987. — The Arabian Nights described as an ancient Persian 
book, translated and altered by the Arabs. 



1000. — Mahmud of Ghazni leads the Moslems against India. 
These invasions end in the destruction of the Buddhist 
University of Nalanda and the gradual disappearance 
of Buddhism from India. 

25 



Tenth Century 



932-953. — The Confucian Classics printed from wooden blocks 
in China. 



Gerbert (afterwards Pope Sylvester II) studies Hindu 
mathematics in Spain. 



Beginning of the Chinese encyclopedias. 

26 



NINTH CENTURY 



864. — Date of a Chinese Buddhist printed book found in 1908. 
Methodius converts the King of Bulgaria to the Chris- 
tian religion by painting a picture of hell : the King 
converts the Bulgarians by military force. 



27 



Ninth Century 



871.— Alfred the Great of England. 

874; — Northmen settle in Iceland, which became a peaceful seat 
of learning during the wars of the Middle Ages. The 
Sagas compiled under the Northern lights and amid 
the rumblings of Hekla. 



28 



EIGHTH CENTURY 



732. — Battle of Tours keeps the Muhammadan religion 
out of Europe (except in Spain). 



750-755. — The Caliphates of Baghdad and Cordova consolidate 
the Muhammadan Empire and spread the learning of 
the Greeks and the Hindus from the Arabian Sea to 
the Atlantic. 



The Emperor of China forbids Christianity and Budd- 
hism to be mixed. 



800. — Charlemagne crowned at Rome ; he spreads the Christian 
religion in Europe by military force. 

29 



Eighth Century 



751. — The Arab governor of Samarkand brings home Chinese 
paper-makers as prisoners of war. The Arabs after- 
wards take the art into Europe. 

754. — Boniface the Englishman, missionary to Germany, mur- 
dered by the Frisians and buried in F'ulda Cathedral. 



Harun-al-Rashid, Caliph of Baghdad, has two Hindu 
physicians. 



786. — A Christian and a Buddhist join in translating a Buddhist 
text from a Central Asian vernacular into Chinese, 
but the Emperor stops the work for fear that the two 
religions may be confused. 



30 



SEVENTH CENTURY 



622.— The Hejira (Flight) of Muhammad : the Year One of the 

Miihamniadan religion. 

(If you got a letter from a Moslem, lie would date it twelve hundred 
and something.) 



31 



Seventh Century 



Muhammad writes a sacred book, The Koran, which 
makes him the third great prophet after Moses and 
Jesus. The book confuses the stories of Christ and 
Buddha. Text : JVe have sent ymt down iron for the 
righteous war ! the leading spirit of the new religion, 
which impelled it to conquer territory from the Zoroas- 
trians, the Christians and the Buddhists. Emerson's 
" trumpet-text " from the Koran : The heavens and the 
earth and all that is between them, think ye we have 
created them in jest f 

662.— A Syrian astronomer praises the Hindu numerals. {Jour- 
nal Asiatique, 1910.) 



32 



\ 



SIXTH CENTURY 



The King of Persia orders the translation of Hindu moral 
tales {The Five Books) which, during the Middle Ages, 
are translated into Arabic and other tongues of Europe 
and Asia [Bidpat or Piipay). About the same time 
the story of Buddha is similarly translated and his title 
Bodhisat is changed to Josaphat. During the Middle 
Ages the story of St. Josaphat is translated into Chris- 
tian languages from Greece to Iceland. Churches 
bearing his name exist at Palermo and Philadelphia. 



33 



Sixl/i Century 



St. Sophia Cathedral at Constantinople, the best example 
of Byzantine architecture, built by Justinian, who also 
codifies the Roman Law. 



Ireland a famous seat of learning. 



34 



ANTIQUITY 



FIFTH CENTURY 



4 



Fifth Century 



410. —Rome sackt by the Goths: Britain left to the mercy of 
English pirates. 



St. Patrick, a Scotsman, spreads Christianity in Ireland. 



38 



FOURTH CENTURY 



325. — The Council of Nicea, in Bithynia, makes Christianity a 
political power (Constantine). About this time the 
Church interpolates the Baptismal Charge and the 
Trinitarian formula into the close of Matthew's Gos- 
pel. {Hibbert Journal, 1902.) 



Fa Hien, the first of the Chinese pilgrims, visits the Budd- 
hist Holy Land and describes its benign civilization. 
Takes Scriptures to China from India and Ceylon. 

39 



Fourth Century 



40 



THIRD CENTURY 



Christian writers praise the Buddhist civilization of Chi- 
nese Turkestan {Serica). 



The State religions of the Roman and New Persian 
Empires punish nonconformists with torture and death, 
(Origen and Mani.) This dangerous principle led, in 
the Middle Ages, to the Italian and Spanish Inquisi- 
tions. 



The Gospd Lo/us^ translated from Sanskrit into Chinese, 
exalts the Buddha from an historical to a mystical 
personage. (Hindu text of older date.) 



41 



Third Century 



42 



SECOND CENTURY 

Plutarch, a priest of the Greek religion at Chaeronea, 
writes parallel Lives of famous Greeks and Romans. 
(His lives of the earlier Roman Emperors lost, and with 
them his probable mention of the Christian religion.) 

The Church publishes the Gospels, Aristion adding 
the Mark Appendix to take the place of Peter's lost or 
supprest account of the Resurrection. 



117. — Death of Trajan, whose war with the Parthians marks the 
high tide of the Roman Empire. 



About 148. — A Prince of Parthia goes to China, where he trans- 
lates Buddhist Scriptures into Chinese. 



Ptolemy of Alexandria fixes the science of Astron- 
omy for 1400 years. 



The New Testament begins to be translated into foreign 
languages (Old Latin and Old Syriac versions). 



43 



Second Century 

105. — The Chinese make paper from bark, hemp and rags, after 
making it for centuries from silk-waste. 



Probable period of the oracle which frightened the 
Romans away from the Persians in the third century. 
{An oracle was remembered which markt the River 
Tigris as the fatal boundary of the Roman arms. — 
Gibbon, Chap. XII.) 



44 



FIRST CENTURY 



The Four Great Powers of the Earth: 
Rome. 
Parthia. 
India. 
China. 
Bucldliisni the most powerful religion ; Mazdeism (Zoro- 
aster's Persian faith) second. 
Jesus heals the sick by arousing an affectionate faith in 
himself. 



30? — The Crucifixion at Jerusalem. Parthians and other 
Orientals present at the founding of the Christian 
religion. (Acts II. 0.) 



67. — Buddhism officially enters China, where its Scrip- 
tures are gradually translated. 

"0. — Destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans: Josephus 
the Jew, whose history has been transmitted by Chris- 
tians only. 
The Apostles and Evangelists write the New Tes- 
tament, which gives the Golden Rule to Europe and 
(later) to America, 



Death of the Apostle John. 

45 



First Centttry 
12. — Augustus burns spurious oracles at Rome. 

Posidonius, the Syrian, teaches Greek and Oriental culture 
to Cicero and others at Rhodes. 

Coins of Kanishka, Buddhist emperor in Central Asia, have 
Buddha's name in Greek letters and his image with 
halo. (Date perhaps earlier or later.) 

Paul gives the earliest and most authentic account of the 
apparitions of the Risen Jesus, including one to himself 
(I Corinthians XV. 3-8). Another authentic account, 
almost as old, is preserved by the First Gospel (Matthew 
XXVIIT. 16-20) probably taken from the lost ending 
of Mark. 

64. — Fire at Rome ; martyrdom of Christians, Peter and Paul 
probably among them. Destruction of records in this 
fire and in the wars in Italy and Judea that followed 
cause a gap in the history of early Christianity. 



79. — Eruption of Vesuvius kills Pliny the Elder, whose Natural 
History states that the [Buddhist] civilization of Cey- 
lon has abolisht slavery and lawsuits and made capital 
sentences appealable to a jury, while the king can be 
impeacht and executed. 



One hundred and twenty-seven surgical instruments de- 
scribed in Hindu books of medicine (perhaps earlier). 

46 



SAEC. I— B. C. 

The Chinese Empire extends to the Pamirs and opens up 
the silk trade with Rome, thru Turkestan and Syria : 
Sse-ma-tsien, the first systematic Chinese historian. 



The Golden Rule appears (but perhaps earlier) in the 
Jewish-Persian Book of Tobias or Tobit. 



Roman conquest of Egypt opens up sea trade with 

India. 
Virgil sings of a new Golden Age. 



2- — The Buddhist Scriptures already in a vernacular of Central 
Asia. Birth of Christ (according to Luke III. 1 and 23). 



47 



Saec. I.—n. C. 



82. — The Sibylline Books burnt in their temple at Rome during 
civil war. Etruscan prophets proclaim a new age of 
the world. 



Lucretius at Rome immortalizes in wonderful verse the 
Greek philosophy about the origin of the world. 



44. — Brutus kills Julius Crcsar, who has founded the Roman 
Empire. 



48 



SAEC. II.— B. C. 



Judicial torture abolisht in India by the Law Book 
of Manu, whicli was probably compiled from now 
onwards from older law-books. 



1-16. — The Romans destroy Carthage and annex Greece. 



Book of Daniel, one of the last in the Old Testament : 
vision of a MEMBER OF THE HUMAN RACE 
who shall triumph over brutal powers and establish a 
world-religion. (The vision itself may be older). 



4a 



Saec. Il.—B. C. 



About 150. — Hipparchus, of the Bithynian Nicea, the founder 
of Greek astronouiy, quotes eclipses observed at Baby- 
lon since B. C. 621. 



Tlie Buddhist Scriptural stories of the Beloved Disciple 
and the Penitent Brigand sculptured on the Great 
Tope at the capital of Ceylon, as also the sacred folk- 
tale of Prince Workmanquarter, one of the sources of 
"St. Eustace." Delegates attend the opening cere- 
monies "from Alexandria, the city of the Greeks." 
{Great Chronicle of Ceylon.) 



50 



SAEC. Ill— B. C. 



Euclid of Alexandria writes his Elements of Geometry. 



Asoka (or Asoko), Buddhist Emperor of India, writes extant 
Rock Edicts, establishing RELIGIOUS TOLERA- 
TION and medical aid for man and beast. Makes a 
list of favorite Buddhist Scriptures. Mentions five 
Greek Kings to whom he introduced his religion : one 
of them, Ptolemy Philadelphus, enlarges the Alexan- 
drine Library and begins to translate the Sacred Books 
of the East (Septuagint). 



51 



Sacc: ///.—/?. C. 



Buddhist sacred folk-tales (Jatakas) sculptured on the tope of 
Bharahat (Bliarhut) in India : among them T/ic Fig- 
tree Stag, one of the sources of " St. Eustace." The 
stories begin their travels thru Persia into Europe, 
emerging, in later ages, in Esop's Fables and The 
Arabian Nights. 



52 



\ SAEC. IV.— B. C. 



399. — Socrates drinks the hemlock at Athens, after dis- 
coursing in prison on the immortality of the soul. 



Xenophon writes the Life of Socrates, and Plato his 



323. — Death of Alexander the Great at Babylon, after 
founding Alexandria, Samarkand and otlier cities 
of exchange between East and West. Greek language 
and art spread from Italy to India : beginnings of 
planetary intercourse. 



53 



Saec. IV.— B. C. 



54 



SAEC. v.— B. C. 



490. — The Battle of Marathon keeps the Zoroastrian religion 
out of Europe. 



Death of Buddha, beneath the twin sal trees, in the 
North of India : "The Great Final Release {Nirvana)." 



Age of Pericles : sculptures of Phidias on the Parthe- 
non at Athens. 



Beginning of the Buddhist Scriptures, which popularize 
the Hindu doctrine of Evolution : gradual growth of 
the universe thru countless eons ; connection between 
animals and men. 



55 



Saec. V.—n. C. 

Jivako of Rajagaha studies medicine at Taxila and heals 
" twisted intestines " by taking them out : stitches 
used. He also cures the King of Ujjain and Buddha 
himself. (Buddhist Scriptures, Major Section on Dis- 
cipline VIII.) 



Ezra the scribe edits the Old Testament. A Jewish 
colony on the Nile preserves the Babylonian romance 
of Ahikar, quoted in Tobit and the Gospels and added 
to the Arabian Nights. 



432. — Inscription on a battlefield in Greece: 

Ether has claimed their soii/s^ while earth their bodies 
receivelh. 



Hippocrates of Cos, the founder of Greek medicine. 



56 



SAEC. VI —B. C. 



Jewisli Captivity in Babylon : prophets Ezekiel and the 
" Second Isaiah." 



Rise of European science among the Greeks of Asia 
Minor, in contact with the Babylonians and Persians, 
the latter in contact with the Hindus. Thales of Mile- 
tus and Pythagoras of Sainos. 



Births of Buddha (India) and Confucius (China) : 
both proclaim the Golden Bule. Buddha popular- 
izes tlie Hindu conception of Nirvana (a state of bliss 
here and hereafter by complete destruction of selfish- 
ness), and coins the word Gospel to denote a world- 
religion. He also teaches the sick to heal themselves 
by concentrating the mind upon some truth. 



538. — Cyrus sends the Jewish Exiles home : Babylonia and 
Palestine Persian provinces. Beginning of Zoroastrian 
influence on the Old Testament : Ormazd and Ahri- 
man (2 Samuel XXIV. 1 = 1 Chronicles XXI. 1.). 



57 



Saec. VI.— B. C. 



Buddha forbids five hurtful trades : 

1. Weapons. 

2. Slave-trade. 

3. Butchery. 

4. Liquor-dealing. 

5. Poisons. 

{Book of Fives, in the Numerical Collection. This Scrip- 
ture may be as late as Asoka, but the spirit of the pro- 
hibition is Buddha's.) 



The Etruscan king of Rome, Tarquin the Proud, buys the 
remainder of the Sibylline Books (in Greek verse). 

58 



SAEC. VII —B, C. 



Non-resistance and silent worship taught in India. The Hin- 
dus (perhaps earlier) establish an aristocracy upon a 
moral principle : abstinence from killing. They de- 
velop a crude form of the doctrine of Evolution, con- 
necting animals and men. They also teach the un- 
reality of matter (maya). 



Prophet Jeremiah exhorts the Jews not to waste lives in fighting 
a world-power (Babylon). 

Birth of Lau-ts3,* the Chinese mystic, who taught love to ene- 
mies and the simple life. 

* The inverted e, in the International Alphabet, represents the obscure 
vowel in "America" (amerika). 

59 



Saec. VII.— n. C. 



60 



SAEC. VIII -B. C. 



Prophets Amos, Isaiah and Micah. The books of the 
last two transmit the sacred oracle about the Final 
Peace and world-religion. 



722.— First Chinese recorded eclipse. (Gibbon, Chapter XXVI, 
note 23.) 



61 



I 



Saec. VIII.— B. C. 



62 



SAEC. IX.— B. C. 



Prophets Elijah and Elisha. Conception of God as a silent 
power. 



Carthage ("New City") founded by the Phenicians, who have 
the sea-trade of the world and popularize the Alphabet. 

63 



Sacc. IX.— B. C. 



Beginning of authentic Chinese history, according to Sse-ma- 
tsien. (Gibbon, Chapter XXVI, note 23.) 



64 



ADDENDA 

1862. — Mrs. Patterson (afterwards Eddy) writes in the Portland 
Courier for November 7, that Pliineas Qniniby cures 
by Truth : "this truth whicli he opposes to the error 
of giving intelligence to matter and placing pain where 
it never placed itself, if received understandingly, 
changes the currents of the system to their normal 
action." She denies that it is spiritualism or animal 
maenetism. 



1872. — Geneva Tribunal prevents war between the United 
States and Great Britain. 



05 



Buddhist 
and Christian Gospels 

now first compared from the originals 
BY ALBERT J. EDMUNDS, M.A. 



EI>ITEI) BV 

M. ANESAKI, LiTT. D., 

PROFESSOR OF RELIGIOUS SCIENCE IN THE IMPERIAL UNIVERSITY OF 

TOKVO, AND PROFESSOR OF JAPANESE LITERATURE 

AND LIFE IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY 



FOURTH EDITION. WITH POSTSCRIPTS 
1912 ANii 1914 

2 Vols. 



PlIlLADGI.PillA ; 

INNES (t SONS 
lJ9-i,VS N. Twelfth SI. 



— ^ I.I I Mjim 



POSTSCRIPT 



1910.— Death of Leo Tolstoy. 

What appears to be a spnrious document is now (1914) going the rounds 
of the press. I summarize it, but suspend judgment as to its authenticity. 

Tolstoy's vision of a world-war, to begin in the South- 
east of Europe "about 1912." About 1915 a North- 
ern Napoleon is to arise in the ranks of letters, who 
will dominate Europe for ten years. After 1925 there 
will be a United States of four world-powers : Anglo- 
Saxon, Latin, Slavic, Mongolian. A Mongolian Slav, 
now living, is to found a world-religion. 

Note. — It is to be hoped that the Tsar will one day give us the original 
Russian of this vision, now in his archives (?) according to the Chicago /Rec- 
ord //era/d. 



1913, June and July. — Visions seen by many in the South 
of France, of Joan of Arc in armor, leading the 
King to Rheims. (See 1429.) On August 26, C^cile 
Lainillot, a miller's daughter, at Alzonne, Department 
of Aude, sees flaming letters in the sky and copies 
them. They prove to be a Latin invocation to the 
Maid of Orleans. (Correspondence to T/ie Public Led- 
ger of Philadelphia, dated from Paris, September 12, 
1913.) 

Note. — I am writing to French scholars for accurate iiccounts of these 
things. If they be true, we can believe the visions in Josephus which preceded 
the siege of Jerusalem. (See also Mark XIII). Let us pray that the white 
robed maidens and crowns of roses in the visions of our French friends may 
symbolize victory for the powers of light. 



67 



T* 



Addendum to Preface, p. vii. 

I have purposely introduced a few coincidences, to remind 
the student that such things must be reckoned with. Thus, 
the fact that Abraham Lincohi, who died that America might 
live, was stricken down on Good Friday, would be proof to the 
average German critic of the future that the Lincoln Saga was 
a Christian myth. The road to truth lies between the quag- 
mire of credulity and the barbed-wire fence of doubt. 

In a few cases facts belonging to a man's later life are 
groupt with the main mention of him : thus, Josephus wrote 
his books near the end of the first century, and Fa Hien 
returned to China in 415. 



Addendum to p. 49. 

Daniel VII. 9-14, Revised Version. .1 son of man is a Sj'riac phrase 
meaning a human being. The burnt beast is the Mazdean serpent who is 
destroyed at the Resurrection. (Sacred Books of the East, Vol. V, p. 129: 
Bundahish, based upon a lost book of Avesta. ) While Buddhism in the New 
Testament is a mere tinge, mostly in Luke, Mazdeism is a radical element in 
both Testaments, especially in Daniel, Enoch, Tobit, the Gospels and the 
Apocalypse. 



Addendum to p. 61. 

Micah IV. l-5=Isaiah II. 1-5. 



G8 



.V II IIJMBI- 



THE WORLD-WAR! 



GERMANY ALONE. 



Germany is making an outcry that she is fighting the world 
alone. Has this never happened before? Nay, it is the fate of 
every world-power. In the American Revolution, Great Britain 
was fighting the world alone. In the French Revolution and 
the wars of Napoleon, it was France. It is an old story : Jesh- 
urun waxt fat and kickt. Well did the Earl of Chatham say in 
the House of Lords : " Fifteen years ago this people was the 
terror of the world ! " Ay, there's the rub. We don't want any 
nation to be the terror of the world. The consequence was that 
England became too arbitrary, so that America made war upon 
her in 1775, France in 1778, Spain in 1779, and Holland in 
1780. In the same year a powerful Muhammadan State in 
India took the side of the French and the Americans, and for- 
gotten battles were fought in the land of the Vedas to aid the 
Stars and Stripes. Not only so, but again in 1780 "the Armed 
Neutrality " was formed against Great Britain by Russia, Swe- 
den and Denmark to resist the right of search and protect the 
commerce of the world. The Prussians and the Austrians 
joined the alliance in 1781 ; Portugal and Turkey in 1782 ; and 
the Kingdom of Naples in 1783. Consequently, when we won 
our independence, Great Britain was fighting five nations in 
arms and eiglit in diplomacy. We conquered her by a coalition 
against a common tyrant. In the summer of 1780, forty English 
ships were captured near the Azores by France and Spain, and 
taken to Cadiz. In the summer of 1781, the Dutch and English 
navies met on the Dogger Bank in the German Sea and knockt 
each other to pieces. Two fleets of battered hulks reeled back 
to Amsterdam and London. All this fighting was not merely 



69 



I 



to help the United States, but to prevent the Government at 
Westminster from giving law to the planet. As I said last year 
in The Pennsylvania Magazine, not only did the Delaware and 
the Thames resound with the din of arms, but the Essequibo, 
the Guadalquivir, the Rhine, the Seine and the Ganges. 

After a lull it was the turn of France. The French Repub- 
lic frightened Europe. In 1792, the Austrians and the Prus- 
sians declared war upon it, and in 1793 they were backt up by 
the fleets and armies of the English, the Dutch, the Spaniards 
(no mean power then), the Neapolitans, and the duchies of Ger- 
many. We all know the result : the Nile, Trafalgar, Copenha- 
gen, Borodino, Leipzig, Waterloo. Well was it said that the 
bones of French soldiers lay scattered over Europe, from Mos- 
cow to Lisbon. 

From 1S54 to 1856 four nations combined against Russia, 
with two more in the background. Now it is Germany's turn. 
She need not be crusht, but merely put in her place. We love 
Germany. We lift our hats to her scholars. No nation under 
heaven ever made so thoro-going an attempt to live by truth 
and science, imless it be the French. That these two powers 
should fight is a frightful tragedy. But it would be a fright- 
fuller one if either were to wipe out the other and give law to 
us all. We do not want a War Lord to tear off ultimatums 
frotn a check-book and bandy tliem about Europe. We do not 
want a Charlemagne or a Bismarck telegraphing his edicts from 
a Rome, a Berlin or a Constantinople. What we do want is a 
new United States of nations, such as Tennyson foresaw in 
Locksley Hall, describing, back in the forties, a world-war in 
the air. It was to end 

In the Parliament of Man, the federation of the world. 

Philadelphia : 

August 9, 1 91 4. 

Printed by Paul C. Stockhausen, 
53-55 N. 7th St., Philadelphia. 



Postscript to History Simplified Copyright 1914, by Albert J. Edmunds. 

70 



W 80 



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